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Test Code AK1 Adenylate Kinase Enzyme Activity, Blood


Specimen Required


Collection Container/Tube:

Preferred: Yellow top (ACD solution B)

Acceptable: Lavender top (EDTA)

Specimen Volume: 6 mL

Collection Instructions: Send specimen in original tube. Do not transfer blood to other containers.


Secondary ID

607455

Useful For

Evaluation of chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

Method Name

Kinetic Spectrophotometry

Reporting Name

Adenylate Kinase, B

Specimen Type

Whole Blood ACD-B

Specimen Minimum Volume

1 mL

Specimen Stability Information

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Whole Blood ACD-B Refrigerated 20 days

Reject Due To

Gross hemolysis Reject
Fully clotted Reject

Clinical Information

Adenylate kinase (AK) is a monomeric enzyme that catalyzes the nucleotide phosphoryl interconversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to 2 molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The level of enzyme activity in neonates is normally mildly to moderately lower than in adults. AK deficiency (OMIM 612631) is a rare cause of autosomal recessive nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia.

 

Although rare, AK deficient-associated anemia has been described in multiple families of varied ethnic origin. Those individuals with heterozygous genetic alterations are predominantly asymptomatic and show a normal phenotype. Those individuals with homozygous or compound heterozygous genetic alterations display congenital chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] levels of 8-9 g/dL) with hyperbilirubinemia and gallstones. Patients typically present at birth or in early childhood. Some patients have psychomotor impairment, although the pathogenesis is not well understood. Concurrent glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency exacerbates the anemia (Hb 6 g/dL). AK activity levels range from 0% to 44%, although most show less than 30% activity. Carriers have normal to only mildly decreased enzyme activity (1). Patients may respond well to splenectomy.

Reference Values

≥12 months: 195-276 U/g Hb

Reference values have not been established for patients who are less than 12 months of age.

Interpretation

In adenylate kinase deficiency, values are expected to be less than 30% of normal mean, although this value should be interpreted in the context of age of the patient and other enzyme values.

Cautions

Recent transfusion may mask the patient's intrinsic enzyme activity and cause unreliable results.

 

Some enzyme deficiency disorders can be masked by reticulocytosis and comparison of activities of other RBC enzyme activities in this panel can be useful.

 

Adenylate kinase enzyme activity can normally be mildly to moderately decreased in neonates.

Clinical Reference

1. Niizuma H, Kanno H, Sato A, Ogura H, Imaizumi M: Splenectomy resolves hemolytic anemia caused by adenylate kinase deficiency. Pediatr Int. 2017;59(2):228-230

2. Rapley S, Harris H: Red cell adenylate kinase activity in AK1 and AK 2-1 phenotypes. Annals of Human Genetics. 1970;33:361-364. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809

3. Mohrenweiser HW. Frequency of enzyme deficiency variants in erythrocytes of newborn infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981;78(8):5046-5050

4. Corrons JL, Garcia E, Tusell JJ, Varughese KI, West C, Beutler E: Red cell adenylate kinase deficiency: molecular study of 3 new mutations (118G>A, 190G>A, and GAC deletion) associated with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2003;102(1):353-356

5. Toren A., Brok-Simoni F, Ben-Bassat I, et al: Congenital haemolytic anaemia associated with adenylate kinase deficiency. Brit. J. Haemat. 1994;87(2):376-380

6. Bianchi P, Zappa M, Bredi E, et al: A case of complete adenylate kinase deficiency due to a nonsense mutation in AK-1 gene (arg107-to-stop, CGA-to-TGA) associated with chronic haemolytic anaemia. Brit. J. Haemat. 1999;105(1):75-79

7. Lachant NA, Zerez CR, Barredo J, et al: Hereditary erythrocyte adenylate kinase deficiency: A defect of multiple phosphotransferases? Blood. 1991;77(12):2774-2784

8. Koralkova P, van Solinge WW, van Wijk R: Rare hereditary red blood cell enzymopathies associated with hemolytic anemia-pathophysiology, clinical aspects and laboratory diagnosis. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014;36(3):388-397

Method Description

Adenylate kinase (myokinase) catalyzes the dismutation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate. In this assay, the reverse reaction is measured by following the formation of ADP with pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase reactions resulting in 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) being oxidized to NAD(+). The decrease in absorbance that occurs as NADH is oxidized is measured spectrophotometrically at 340 nm by an automated chemistry analyzer.(Beutler E: Red Cell Metabolism. A Manual of Biochemical Methods. 3rd ed. Grune and Stratton; 1984:93-95; van Solinge WW, van Wijk: Enzymes of the red blood cell. In: Rifai N, Horvath AR, Wittwer CT: eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2018:chap 30)

Specimen Retention Time

7 days

Performing Laboratory

Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester

Test Classification

This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

CPT Code Information

82657

LOINC Code Information

Test ID Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
AK1 Adenylate Kinase, B 44051-1

 

Result ID Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
AKCL Adenylate Kinase, B 44051-1

Day(s) Performed

Tuesday, Thursday

Report Available

1 to 6 days

Forms

If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Benign Hematology Test Request (T755) with the specimen.