Sign in →

Test Code CDOU Cadmium Occupational Exposure, Random, Urine


Specimen Required


Only orderable as part of profile. For more information see:

-CDUOE / Cadmium Occupational Exposure, Random, Urine

-HMUOE / Heavy Metal Occupational Exposure, with Reflex, Random, Urine


Secondary ID

608892

Useful For

Detecting occupational exposure to cadmium using random urine specimens

Method Name

Only orderable as part of profile. For more information see:

-CDUOE / Cadmium Occupational Exposure, Random, Urine

-HMUOE / Heavy Metal Occupational Exposure, with Reflex, Random, Urine

 

Triple-Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS)

Reporting Name

Cadmium Occupational Exposure

Specimen Type

Urine

Specimen Minimum Volume

1.5 mL

Specimen Stability Information

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Urine Refrigerated (preferred) 28 days
  Ambient  28 days
  Frozen  28 days

Reject Due To

  All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.

Clinical Information

The toxicity of cadmium resembles the other heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, and lead) in that it attacks the kidney; kidney dysfunction with proteinuria with slow onset (over a period of years) is the typical presentation. Measurable changes in proximal tubule function, such as decreased clearance of para-aminohippuric acid, also occur over a period of years and precede overt kidney failure.

 

Breathing the fumes of cadmium vapors leads to nasal epithelial deterioration and pulmonary congestion resembling chronic emphysema.

 

For nonsmokers, the primary source of cadmium exposure is from the food supply. In general, leafy vegetables such as lettuce and spinach, potatoes and grains, peanuts, soybeans, and sunflower seeds contain high levels of cadmium. For smokers, the most common source of cadmium exposure is tobacco smoke, which has been implicated as the primary source of the metal, leading to reproductive toxicity in both male and female patients.

 

Chronic exposure to cadmium causes accumulated kidney damage. The excretion of cadmium is proportional to creatinine except when kidney damage has occurred. Kidney damage due to cadmium exposure can be detected by increased cadmium excretion relative to creatinine.

 

OSHA mandated (Fed Reg 57:42,102-142,463, September 1992) that all monitoring of employees exposed to cadmium in the workplace should be done using the measurement of urine cadmium and creatinine, expressing the results of mcg of cadmium per gram of creatinine.

Reference Values

Only orderable as part of profile. For more information see:

-CDUOE / Cadmium Occupational Exposure, Random, Urine

-HMUOE / Heavy Metal Occupational Exposure, with Reflex, Random, Urine

 

Biological exposure indices (BEI): <5.0 mcg/g creatinine

Interpretation

Cadmium excretion above 3.0 mcg/g creatinine indicates significant exposure to cadmium.

 

Results above 15 mcg/g creatinine are considered indicative of severe exposure

Cautions

Collection of urine specimens through a catheter frequently results in elevated values because rubber contains trace amounts of cadmium that are extracted as urine passes through the catheter.

Clinical Reference

1. de Burbure C, Buchet JP, Leroyer A, et al. Renal and neurologic effects of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in children: evidence of early effects and multiple interactions at environmental exposure levels. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(4):584-590

2. Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, Heudorf U, Wilhelm M; Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency. Revised and new reference values for environmental pollutants in urine or blood of children in Germany derived from the German Environmental Survey on Children 2003-2006(GerESIV). Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009;212(6):637-647

3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Cadmium exposure and control. Updated 09/02/2008. Accessed August 30, 2024. US Department of Labor Available at osha.gov/SLTC/cadmium/evaluation.html

4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for cadmium. US Department of Health and Human Services. September 2012. Available at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp5.pdf

5. Strathmann FG, Blum LM. Toxic elements. In: Rifai N, Chiu RWK, Young I, Burnham CD, Wittwer CT, eds. Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2023:chap 44

6. Zhang H, Reynolds M. Cadmium exposure in living organisms: A short review. Sci Total Environ. 2019;678:761-767. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.395

7. Wang M, Chen Z, Song W, Hong D, Huang L, Li Y. A review on cadmium exposure in the population and intervention strategies against cadmium toxicity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2021;106(1):65-74. doi:10.1007/s00128-020-03088-1

Method Description

The metal of interest is analyzed by triple-quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.(Unpublished Mayo method)

Specimen Retention Time

14 days

Performing Laboratory

Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester

Test Classification

This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

LOINC Code Information

Test ID Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
CDOU Cadmium Occupational Exposure 13471-8

 

Result ID Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
608892 Cadmium Occupational Exposure 13471-8

Day(s) Performed

Monday through Friday

Report Available

2 to 4 days

CPT Code Information

82300