Clinical Information

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is caused by the protozoan hemoflagellate Trypanosoma cruzi and can lead to acute and chronic clinical manifestations of disease. T cruzi is endemic in many areas of South and Central America. The parasite is usually transmitted by the bite of reduviid (or "kissing") bugs of the genus Triatoma but may also be transmitted by blood transfusion, organ transplantation, food ingestion, and vertically from mother to fetus. The acute febrile stage of disease is frequently undiagnosed and often resolves spontaneously. Diagnosis of acute T cruzi infection is typically confirmed by microscopic identification of trypomastigotes in fresh preparations of anticoagulated blood or buffy coat or by molecular detection. Parasitemia decreases and is undetectable within approximately 90 days of infection.

Chronic T cruzi infections are often asymptomatic but may progress to produce disabling and life-threatening cardiac (cardiomegaly, conduction defects) and gastrointestinal (megaesophagus and megacolon) disease. These damaged tissues contain the intracellular amastigote of T cruzi. The parasite is not seen in the blood during the chronic phase. Diagnosis of chronic T cruzi infection relies on serologic detection of antibodies to this organism. However, no single serologic assay is sensitive and specific enough to be relied upon alone. Therefore, per current expert guidelines and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, serologic confirmation of chronic T cruzi infection requires positivity on 2 tests utilizing two different methodologies and/or two different T cruzi antigen preparations. When results are discordant, testing by a third assay is recommended to resolve the initial results or, alternatively, repeat testing on a new sample may be required.